1. site of RBC formation in a healthy 20 year old male is
2. A patient with severe anemia may have which of the following symptoms?
3. In the following food items, which one has the highest 'Glycemic index'?
4. What substance allows platelet adhesion to exposed collagen fibers following surgery?
5. A dietary deficiency of which of the following is most strongly associated with a neural tube defect at the base of the fetus's spine?
6. Which of the following is a microfilament
7. Which of the following vascular structures contains the largest proportion of the total blood volume in a normal individual?
8. Constriction of which of the following types of blood vessels is most important for minimizing the decrease in mean systemic filling pressure caused by loss of 1 liter of blood?
9. Least conduction velocity is seen in
10. The blood within the vessels doesnot clot normally because
11. all of the following structures lie in the renal medulla except
12. capacitance of sperms take place in
13. Least diffusible ion among following
14. Increasing urine flow rate from 1 mL/min to 10 mL/min will significantly increase the clearance of
15. A patient has recurrent attacks of asthma that occur most frequently after aspirin administration. Which of the following is the pathogenetic mechanism in this form of asthma?
16. Which of the following is found in the respiratory zone of the lung?
17. Caisson disease
18. Which of the following lung volumes or capacities cannot be measured directly using simple spirometry?
19. iron deficiency anemia shows
20. which of the following is required for conversion of prothombin to thrombin
21. In the clotting process, as the hemostatic plug develops, fibrin polymerizes into monomeric threads that are held together by noncovalent bonds. Which clotting protein increases the strength of the clot by cross-linking the newly formed fibrin threads?
22. Which of the following regions of the nephron is capable of the greatest level of sodium reabsorption?
23. What role do the lungs play in the pathogenesis of systemic hypertension?
24. During a surgical procedure, cranial nerves IX and X are accidentally cut bilaterally. What would be the immediate change in the patient's hemodynamic condition?
25. Maximal ventricular Na+ channel conductance occurs during which phase of the ECG?
26. When the pulse is greater than 200/min and the blood pressure is 75/40 mm Hg, what adjustments have probably occurred in the cardiac cycle?
27. Which of the following adjustments have probably occurred in the cardiac cycle if the pulse is greater than 200/min and the blood pressure is 75/40 mm Hg?
28. Measurement of the blood pressure of a 65-year-old man reveals a systolic pressure of 190 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 100 mm Hg. His pulse is 74/min and pulse pressure is 90 mm Hg. A decrease in which of the following is the most likely explanation for the high pulse pressure?
29. Proximal part of stomach is mostly used for
30. Cancer of which of the following organs is the most likely cause of an elevation of serum erythropoietin levels in a patient with a hematocrit of 52%?
31. Cardiac output is increased by all except
32. An increase in which of the following best explains the mechanism by which the cardiac output increases in severe anemia?
33. Vital capacity is measured by
34. all of the following oropharyngeal functions are involuntary except
35. absorption of dietary iron from GIT is not affected by simultaneous intake of
36. Which of the following urinary constituents is probably present in abnormally high concentration and accounts for bubbles in the urine and generalized edema, especially noticeable in dependent regions and under the eyes?
37. baby can breathe even while suckling because of
38. which type of blood vessel is the mean linear velocity of a red blood cell the lowest?
39. In which segment of the systemic circulation does the greatest decrease in blood pressure occur?
40. Which of the following methods is used for calculation of anatomical dead space
41. maximum postprandial motility is seen in
42. while recording the blood pressure
43. With time, blood stored in a blood bank tends to become relatively depleted of 2,3- diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). What effect does this have on the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve?
44. Nitric oxide is produced in
45. Goblet cells secrete
46. Countercurrent mechanism in the kidney is responsible for
47. Release of which of the following peptides leads to an increase in the secretion of pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine?
48. Which of the following secretions has a very high pH
49. A 60-year-old man presents with signs of hypoxemia due to hypoventilation. Which of the following could be the cause of hypoxemia in this patient?
50. An increase in which of the following is the most likely explanation for the swelling in the legs seen with congestive heart failure?
51. Pulmonary circulation is characterised by
52. A student volunteers to have his lung volumes and capacities measured. He is instructed to breathe several times until the helium has equilibrated between the spirometer and his lungs, and then exhale as much air as he possibly can. Calculations are made to determine the amount of air remaining in his lungs, which is called the
53. Stability of alveoli is maintained by
54. orthopnea in heart failure develops due to
55. bronchial circulation is helpful in
56. Which of the following parameters is expected to increase in response to a 50% reduction in sodium intake for a 2-month period?
57. An infant has a coarctation of the aorta that reduces renal blood flow to 50% lower than normal. Which of the following is increased in this infant?
58. Which of the following indices would be expected to be higher in an individual living at sea level versus an individual living in the mountains?
59. carotid body regulates
60. Pulmonary function abnormalities in interstitial lung diseases include all of the following except
61. Conversion of angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II occurs in
62. maximum pressure in left ventricle is seen in which phase of cardiac cycle
63. Speed of conduction is fastest in
64. Diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide is decreased in all except
65. pulmonary compliance is decreased in all of the following conditions except
66. In which portion of the kidney tubule is most water normally reabsorbed?
67. all of the following statements about bronchial circulations are true except
68. Which of the following substances is likely to be present in significant amounts in urine that has a stable, frothy, white foam on top?
69. Erythropoietin stimulates which of the following intermediates in hematopoiesis?
70. sertoli cells play a key role in which of the following process
71. What is the role of the macrophage during antibody formation?
72. Negative intrapleural pressure is due to
73. Ringer lactate contains all except
74. a 32 year old high altitude mountaineer is observed to have a hematocrit of 70 percent .which of the following represents the most likely cause
75. Which of the following binds to von Willebrand factor at the platelet membrane?
76. Which of the following can be determined by calculation of the clearance of paraaminohippuric acid (PAH)?
77. Which of the following indices would be expected to be decreased in a kidney donor after full recovery from the removal of the kidney?
78. A decrease in which of the following is the most likely cause of peripheral edema in a patient with long-term alcoholism and liver disease?
79. interleukins and growth factors are
80. The clearance of several substances was measured at a constant glomerular filtration rate and constant urine flow rate, but at increasing plasma concentrations of the substance. Under these conditions, clearance will increase at high plasma concentrations for which of the following substances?
81. which of the following is not a physioogical method of heat loss from the body
82. Increases in which of the following normal physiological parameters may have contributed to the formation of acute gastric stress ulcers?
83. After a total gastrectomy, which of the following digestive enzymes will be produced in inadequate amounts?
84. Which of the following plant components is not fermented by gastrointestinal microorganisms
85. All of the following affect resting ventilation except
86. Absence of which of the following cell types is responsible for loss of vitamin B12 absorption?
87. Coronary blood flow regulated by
88. Which of these substance is secreted by beta cells of pancreas along with insulin
89. Lowest pH is seen in which of the gastrointestinal secretion
90. Ptylin is secreted by
91. Serum chemistry studies of a patient reveal that her aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is markedly elevated, whereas her alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase are all within normal limits. Disease of which of the following organs would be most likely to cause this serum enzyme pattern?
92. Best test for GFR is with
93. Peristalsis of ureter depends on
94. fetal hemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen due to
95. cyanosis does not occur in severe anemia because
96. small airways has laminar air flow because
97. which one of the following is not seen in humans
98. Dicrotic notch is caused by
99. Transport of Carbon monoxide is diffusion limited because
100. In anemia, the concentration of 2,3-DPG is